Two-carbon bridge substituted cocaines: enantioselective synthesis, attribution of the absolute configuration and biological activity of novel 6- and 7-methoxylated cocaines.

In an effort to learn more about the general structure-activity relationships of cocaine with the aim to elucidate those structural features that might confer antagonistic properties to such analogues, we describe herein our synthetic efforts to prepare two-carbon bridge functionalized (methoxylated and hydroxylated) analogues. Our approach makes use of a modification of the classical Willstatter synthesis of cocaine: Mannich type cyclization of acetonedicarboxylic acid monomethyl ester with methylamine hydrochloride and 2-methoxysuccindialdehyde in a citrate buffer solution afforded the 6- and 7-substituted 2-carbomethoxy-3-tropinones 3a,b and 4a,b in approximate yields of 64%. Reduction of the (+/-)-tropinone derivatives was performed with sodium amalgam in a sulfuric acid solution to afford a mixture of (+/-)-methoxyecgonine and (+/-)-methoxypseudoecgonine derivatives 5, 11 and 6, 7, 12, 13. Benzoylation of these alcohols yielded the desired cocaine and pseudococaine-like compounds 8, 14 and 9, 10, 15, 16. Additionally, we show that enzymatic hydrolysis of these cocaine analogues using pig liver esterase (PLE) affords a practical means for achieving their chemical resolution. The enantiomers of the methoxycocaine analogues were also prepared starting from chiral (+)- and (-)-6-methoxytropinone. All new analogues were examined for their ability to displace [3H]mazindol binding and to inhibit high-affinity uptake of [3H]dopamine into striatal nerve ending (synaptosomes). It appeared evident that methoxylation of the cocaine two-carbon bridge provides compounds of particular interest: the Ki for the binding of the methoxypseudococaines is about two to four times smaller than the Ki for inhibition of dopamine uptake, thus enabling these compounds capable of countering the effects of cocaine to some extent.