Holobiont–Holobiont Interactions: Redefining Host–Parasite Interactions.

The author argues how the study of microorganisms associated with hosts and parasites has become an obligatory path and necessary step in the prevention and prediction of disease outbreaks. Topics discussed include the role of organisms in shaping a healthy immune system, emerging examples on the role of parasite-associated microorganisms in human diseases and the task of parasitologists and immunologists in revealing the various interactions between holobiont hosts and holobiont parasites.