Thermal behavior of deuterium implanted into nuclear graphite studied by NRA.

This paper focuses on the thermal behavior of deuterium, simulating tritium, implanted into virgin nuclear graphite of French gas-cooled reactors, which are being decommissioned. Deuterium ions D+ were implanted into graphite (around 3at.% at the projected range R p) at two different depths (around 670nm and 2.8μm) and annealed up to about 300h in a temperature range from 200°C to 1200°C under vacuum or argon flow. Before and after heat treatments, D distribution profiles in the samples were followed using the nuclear reaction D(3He,p)4He, with a millimetric beam at the 4 MV Van de Graaff accelerator of IPNL (Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon, France). The results show that the deuterium release becomes significant at temperatures higher than 600°C and is almost totally completed at 1200°C. The comparison of the results, obtained for both implantation depths, points out the role of the porosity with respect to deuterium permeation. The release follows two stages: a rapid step where it occurs within a few hours, followed by a much slower step during which the release of deuterium saturates. The initial stage is characterized by an activation energy of 1.3eV and might correspond to detrapping of D located at crystallite edges and its diffusion at the crystallite surfaces. We assume that the second stage kinetics corresponds to a very slow diffusion of D located inside the crystallites and chemisorbed to carbon atoms through sp2 or sp3 bonds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]