Relational database watermarking algorithm based on PSO-BF.

This paper presented a relational database watermarking algorithm based on PSO-BF by adopting swarm intelligence optimization algorithm for reference. The application of chaotic mapping resulted in watermark. The use of one-way hash function secured order of the tuples. It formulated the watermarking of relational databases as a constrained optimization problem, and used PSO-BF algorithm to solve the optimization problem and to handle the constraints. It decoded watermark bits by using threshold-evaluator and majority-voter, then decrypted them to derive the actual watermark sequence by utilizing chaotic mapping. The experimental results show that this algorithm has good robustness to the attacks of tuple deletion, alteration and insertion, and possesses good invisibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]