Do firms flee traffic congestion?

Highlights: [•] This study explores firm-level relocation decisions in response to traffic congestion in Philadelphia. [•] This research evaluates firm decisions to flee regionally and locally-scaled congestion between 2003 and 2007. [•] This study estimates models of firm relocation and location choices as consequences of multiple explanatory variables. [•] Results suggest that high regional congestion and low local congestion are predictors of relocation. [•] On aggregate, results suggest that regional congestion is a diseconomy and local congestion appears to be an amenity. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]