Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) in Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean, 1900–2010.

Highlights: [•] Protected area downgrading, downsizing, and degazettement (PADDD) is understudied. [•] With mixed methods, we assess PADDD in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Caribbean. [•] We identified 543 instances of PADDD across 57 countries, affecting >503,591km2. [•] Primary causes are industrial-scale activities or local land pressures and claims. [•] Most PADDD suggests tradeoffs between conservation goals and other objectives. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]