Conservation agriculture in an irrigated cotton–wheat system of the western Indo-Gangetic Plains: Crop and water productivity and economic profitability.

Highlights: [•] Permanent broad-bed (PBB) planting effects on cotton–wheat system was evaluated. [•] Plots with PBB with residue had 3.1Mg higher wheat equivalent yield/ha/year than CT. [•] The PBB+residue (R) plots had 48% more mean system water productivity than CT. [•] The PBB+R plots had 36 and 13% more income than CT and permanent narrow-bed (PNB). [•] The PBB+R plots had higher mean water productivity than PNB+R, ZT and ZT+R plots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]