ADHD and relative risk of accidents in road traffic: A meta-analysis.

Highlights: [•] Drivers with ADHD have considerably lower relative risk (RR) of being involved in accidents than previously estimated. [•] The estimate of relative risk for ADHD-drivers is 1.36 without control for exposure and 1.23 with control for exposure. [•] The assertion stated by Barkley et al. (1993), that ADHD-drivers have 3–4 times higher RR than non-ADHD controls, is rebutted. [•] ADHD-drivers with comorbid ODD and/or CD had an RR of 1.86 compared to 1.31 in a sample of ADHD-drivers with no comorbidity. [•] All accident studies fail to differentiate between deliberate, intentional driving violations and unintended driver errors. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]