Optimizing the biodesulfurization of gas oil by adding surfactants to immobilized cell systems.

Highlights: [•] We incorporated biosurfactant to the immobilized cell systems in BDS reactions. [•] We observed two mechanisms of immobilized cell systems action. [•] Tween 80 increased mobility of particles by reducing the interfacial tension. [•] BS increased solubilization of the sulfured substrates by formation of micelles. [•] BS represents a nontoxic compound that facilities degradations of sulfur molecules of gas oil. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]