Artificial neural networks vs. Gene Expression Programming for estimating outlet dissolved oxygen in micro-irrigation sand filters fed with effluents.

Highlights: [•] Accurate estimation of outlet dissolved oxygen allows to improve the management of sand filters. [•] ANN, GEP and MLR based models were evaluated for estimating dissolved oxygen at sand filter outlet through k-fold testing. [•] GEP tended to provide the most accurate estimations. [•] New GEP based expression for estimating DOo is provided. [•] At least k-fold testing should be considered for a suitable model performance evaluation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]