System effects of nuclear energy and renewables in low-carbon electricity systems.

The article discusses the system effects of nuclear energy and renewables on the structure, financing and operational mode of low-carbon electricity systems. It offers a definition of system effects, its measurement, improved regulatory frameworks for internalising system effects and policy recommendations such as ensuring the transparency of power generation costs at the system level. Tables are presented including grid-level system costs in selected countries like Germany, France and the U.S.