Cell state-of-charge inconsistency estimation for LiFePO4 battery pack in hybrid electric vehicles using mean-difference model.

Highlights: [•] We propose a Mean-plus-Difference Model (M+D Model) for battery pack. [•] Mean model represents the whole pack and difference model investigates inconsistency. [•] OCV differences are estimated using cell difference model for LiFePO4 pack. [•] SOC strategy is proposed to identify SOC inconsistency by lowering pack SOC in HEV. [•] SOC differences are determined using SOC-difference/OCV-difference curve. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]