Simulation and optimization of ammonia removal at low temperature for a double channel oxidation ditch based on fully coupled activated sludge model (FCASM): A full-scale study.

Highlights: [•] A novel model was proposed to simulate and optimize the poor ammonia removal efficiency of a full-scale WWTP at low temperature. [•] Several important kinetic parameters were determined by respirometer test. [•] The optimal operating condition was DO of 3.5mgL−1, SRT of 15d, HRT of 14h. [•] Ammonia removal efficiency would improve 19.14% under the optimal operating condition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]