Seasonality of soil CO2 efflux in a temperate forest: Biophysical effects of snowpack and spring freeze–thaw cycles.

Highlights: [•] We continuously measured soil CO2 efflux (R S) in a temperate forest. [•] We quantified effect of snowpack and freeze–thaw cycles (FTCs) on the R S. [•] The enhancement of R S due to snowpack mainly resulted from snow insulation. [•] The FTC-induced enhancement of R S was mainly biologically originated. [•] Seasonally explicit empirical models performed well in estimation of R S. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]