Culture in Miniature: Toy Dogs and Object Life.

The article discusses how the toy dog mediated relations of racial, sexual and species difference and helped establish a luxury market for the pet as a racialized fetish object in the eighteenth-century England. The pug and the King Charles spaniel were both East Asian breeds of dog brought to England and domesticated, becoming favoured symbols of national culture. Techniques of miniaturization spawned by the porcelain version of the animals were developed along with biological arts.