Level-dependent deforestation trajectories in the Brazilian Amazon from 1970 to 2001.

This article demonstrates the importance of examining level-dependent deforestation trajectories that may be undetected within regional analyses. We examine Amazon-wide, sub-regional, settlement, and farm-level deforestation trajectories in the Brazilian Amazon and suggest factors that underlie level-dependent differences in spatial patterns and temporal magnitudes of deforestation from 1970 to 2001. At a sub-regional level, we find significant variation in frequency, magnitude, and intensity of deforestation associated with context-specific processes, including areas that have stopped deforesting, are rapidly reforesting, while at the same time increasing economic value of forest-based production. We use remote-sensing data from 1970 to 2001. For Amazon-wide and state-level analyses, we use data available from Brazil's National Institute for Space Research. For sub-regional, settlement, and farm-lot levels, time-series Landsat images and aerial photographs and detailed field-based research are used to reconstruct the history of deforestation. Our analysis empirically demonstrates that understanding deforestation trajectories requires differentiating underlying causes at different levels of analysis and to be wary of overarching explanations and solutions that ignore differences in scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]