Maternal Smoking and Birth Defects in Rhode Island.

The article presents a case-control study of the association of maternal smoking with birth defects and poor neonatal conditions such as premature labor and sudden infant death syndrome in Rhode Island. The study selected birth defects including clubfoot, cryptochidism, and cleft/lip palate. It uses logistic regression to assess the exposure-outcome link influencing gestational age, infant sex, and maternal race or ethnicity. Results demonstrate strong relationship between maternal smoking and clubfoot and pulmonary stenosis.