Calibration of direct nuclear activation diagnostics for measuring intense proton, lithium, and fluorine beams

Discusses the basic principles and calibration of direct nuclear activation diagnostics (DNAD) created to measure the hydrogen, lithium, carbon, and fluorine content of an intense lithium beam being developed at the Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Measurement of the energy fluence of a particular ion species; Requirements for a successful DNAD.