North–South asymmetry of the sunspot indices and its quasi-biennial oscillations

Abstract: The space–time distribution of asymmetry in the area and total number of sunspot groups was considered over the time interval 1874–2009. The time behavior of the asymmetry in these indices of sunspot activity was shown to be similar on both small and large time scales. Spectral variation analysis (SVAN) was applied to study the spectral characteristics. Quasi–biennial oscillations (QBO) were revealed in the asymmetry of both indices under discussion. The SVAN diagrams for the asymmetry of the areas and numbers of sunspots in the range of QBO periods display pronounced similarity. In the activity indices per se, these effects are much weaker: the mutual correlation of the indices is lower, the QBO are less pronounced, and the similarity of the SVAN diagrams in the QBO range is absent. The effect of negative correlation between the QBO power and absolute value of the asymmetry over a long time interval was revealed: the increase in asymmetry is accompanied by a decrease in QBO amplitude regardless of which hemisphere is more active at the moment. This underlines the global nature of QBO and the relation of asymmetry to the quadrupole component of the solar large-scale magnetic field. The asymmetry is an independent fundamental characteristic of solar activity, which does not reduce to the classical characteristics of the 11-year cycle. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]