Incubation as a Public-Private Process of Transnational Activism: Between Self-Determination and Biodiversity Conservation (or a Rock and a Hard Place).

Incubation refers to one among at least ten processes of transnational activism, one mode in a repertoire. The paper is part of a larger project that tests meta-theory and builds alternate mid-range theory on the causes and processes of transnational activism, defined as cause-oriented action that ties actors in two or more nation-states. The larger work tests and builds theory by developing on a typology through which Tarrow (2005) seeks to explain transnational activism. The paper applies the incubation process to a crucial, most-likely/strong case study of transnational biodiversity activism that mainly ties actors in Brazil to those in Europe and North America, in a campaign from the mid-1940s to the mid-1950s. The process and origins of that transnational activism are surveyed while process-tracing an episode sequence within a broader campaign centered on the formation of competing versions of a(n) (inter)governmental organization: a(n) (Inter)national Institute of (the Hylean) Amazon (Research). The paper contributes to a refutation of two sets of unambiguous expectations in the theoretical literature. The existing scholarship reveals tactics of transnational activism that (1) are presumed to be caused by internationalist interactions between (public) states to a greater extent than by globalist flows between (private) societies or economies; and that (2) either support (i.e. "internalization") or oppose nationalist sovereignty (i.e. "externalization"/"boomerang" pattern) (Tarrow 2005; Keck & Sikkink 1998). In contrast, this paper traces a process with mixed public-private causal weights, and ambiguous, tacit stances around nationalist self-determination. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]