Četiri orijentacije u političkoj misli europske renesanse.

In this article, relying on an overview of the principal works of Renaissance political thought, the author seeks to establish the existence of four orientations, i.e. distinct schools within the corps of political theories of the Renaissance. First, the school of so-called civil humanism, second, the school of civil republicanism, third, the school of political Utopianism, and fourth, the school of Christian humanism. This text provides a summary overview of the main currents and their protagonists, and presents the main characteristics of each school. Having studied the principal works of Renaissance political thought, the author offers his periodisation and categorisation based on the research of Hans Baron, Quentin Skinner, Pierre Mesnard, Luigi Firpo, Paul Oskar Kristeller, etc., by contrast with the classical historians of political thought, such as Pierre Touchard, George Sabine, Gaetano Mosca, etc. The latter did not distinguish between the particular orientations and they reduced the political thought of the Renaissance to an opposition between political realism (Machiavelli) and political Utopianism (More), without taking into consideration other orientations and schools. Unlike Baron and Skinner, however, who derived the main current of Renaissance political thought from civil humanism, the present author asserts that the Middle Ages spawned two humanistic schools: the above-mentioned school of civil humanism, and the school of Christian humanism, which also rests upon humanism and the humanistic re-valorisation of religion. On the other hand, the school of civil humanism gave birth to the republican orientation. With Machiavelli, however, who was the greatest inheritor of civil humanism, this orientation went through a metamorphosis and development in a new form of political-theoretical discourse. With Machiavelli, the epoch of civil humanism ends, and the period of articulation and affirmation of civil republicanism begins. The latter will be subject to several metamorphoses, inter alia in the shape of Pocock's "Atlantic republicanism". Christian humanism, on the other hand, will lead to the development of Utopian political thought, but also to the idea of an enlightened monarchic form of government permeated with humanistic notions of education and morality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]