Alliances and Ritual Ecstasy: Human Responses to Resource Stress.

Archaeological models and conceptual frameworks have been relatively successful in explaining the emergence of distinctively human types of behavior This perspective can also be used to explain the development of the human species' religious nature and its penchant for ecstatic ritual experiences. Using an archaeological perspective, it is argued that the formation of inter-band alliances were critical for survival in times of severe resource stress In turn, these alliances depended for their effectiveness on the establishment of very strong emotional bonds between members in different bands. Ecstatic states induced by ritualized procedures and shared by members of different bands are proposed as one of the key mechanisms by which strong emotional bonds were created and maintained between bands. Ecstatic states involve the subsuming of individual identities and priorities under unifying concepts, thus enabling bands to overcome natural tendencies to exclusivity in times of stress Moreover, this reliance on ecstatic states leads directly to transcendent concepts typical of all religions Ecstatic religion is therefore viewed as the essential core of early human religious experience and as having become widespread and enduring because it significantly enhanced chances of survival during periods of severe resource stress by maintaining alliance connections. In summary, I suggest that the distinctive emotional makeup that characterizes human beings can largely be explained in terms of the early evolutionary stresses on hunter/gatherers. Early humans required a means to deal with long-term periodic resource shortages just as much as they required a means to deal with daily problems of survival on the open savanna. For short term survival, they developed tools, hunting skills, cooperative sharing, a sexual division of labor, and similar innovations in behavior. To cope with long term crises, they developed alliance systems that enabled them to move out of... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]