The Emergence of Head of State's Accountability in Germany and Austria: Recall and Judicial Impeachment in Semi-Presidential System Perspective.

The article deals with several questions that relate to the emergence of accountability of head of state in Germany and Austria, in the period between two world wars. In the first place, theoretical reasons for the modification of authentic parliamentary system and strengthening of the head of state's position are analyzed, and after that the new forms of political and legal accountability, which came as a consequence of the changed presidential role and the introduction of constitutional court's control of constitutionality, are examined. Exploration of these issues is not only relevant from the stance of constitutional history, but also from the perspective of contemporary constitutional developments. That is especially true for constitutions of transitional countries, including Serbia, because forms of presidential accountability in these countries were often modeled after German and Austrian solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]