Ideology, affect, and socialization in language shift and revitalization: The experiences of adults learning Gaelic in the Western Isles of Scotland.

The intertwined role of language ideologies and affect in language shift and revitalization can be understood by taking a language socialization perspective on local micro-level interaction between adult Gaelic learners and fluent Gaelic-English bilinguals. Seven adults living in the Western Isles were interviewed about their efforts to learn and speak Scottish Gaelic, a minority language spoken by 1-2% of Scotland's population. Their negative affective stances in describing their interactions with local Gaelic-English bilinguals indicate that they were being socialized into an ideology of local Gaelic-English sociolinguistic boundaries: an "etiquette of accommodation" to English speakers and wariness about public Gaelic speaking. This socialized combination of ideology and negative affect reduces opportunities for Gaelic speaking, hindering both Gaelic learners' efforts to become fluent speakers and their potential contribution to language revitalization. In contrast, however, the interviewees described "sociolinguistic mentors" who socialized them into a more inclusive vision of Gaelic speaking laden with positive affect. (Language socialization, L2 language learning, affective stance, language shift, language revitalization, Scottish Gaelic, Scotland). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]