Are Pork and Policy Substitutes?.x000d.Evidence from Japanese Legislator Surveys.

Are clientelistic behaviors and programmatic position-taking of legislators substitutive, complementary, or orthogonal? Existing literature has theorized the two modes of political competition as substitutes, yet, empirical support for this assumption has been provided by data that involves extensive dichotomous coding of party platforms and dichotomous framing of public opinion questionnaires. Consequently we do not know much about how these two modes of political competition relate to each other when they coexist. Using Japanese legislator surveys, this paper develop two independent measures of programmatic position-taking using a multidimensional scaling procedure developed by Poole (1998) and test competing hyptheses. Our results do not lend strong support to the substitutive argument widely believed in the literature. We find that the levels of clientelism and programmatic position-taking are weakly complementary for economic issues and weakly substitutive for security issues. Only the effort-based measure of clientelism has substitutive effects on programmatic position-taking, although the effect is moderate. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]