Distinguishing between male and territory quality: females choose multiple traits in the pied flycatcher

To understand how sexual selection works, it is important to distinguish between the mechanisms underlying mating success. One of the basic questions is to differentiate between the importance of territory-related resources (gained through male–male competition) and male quality in female choice. Few studies, however, have tried to separate these two often intercorrelated variables. We randomized territory quality among male pied flycatchers, Ficedula hypoleuca, and studied which male traits were associated with their success in female mate choice. Females appeared to choose multiple male traits in the wild when the males were not allowed to choose territories before female choice for males. Males with a long tarsus, large white wing patch and versatile song were favoured by females. In addition, the contrast of ultraviolet (UV) reflectance in the white wing patch relative to its background, that is, the dorsal brown-black coloration of the males, appeared to be an important mate choice cue. The UV reflectance had a stronger effect on pairing success in dark males than in brown ones. An experimental manipulation of the UV reflectance revealed that the UV coloration of the males appeared to be used in female choice early but not late in the pairing season, which suggests time-dependent plasticity in female choice. Our study thus exemplifies the complexity of mate choice; it is both temporally constrained and dependent on multiple ornaments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]