Manipulating Support Across Borders: Pakistan, the War on Terror, and Fueling the Jihad.

How do leaders use domestic and international circumstances to further their agendas in the making of foreign policy? This paper seeks to integrate approaches across a range of literatures, including foreign policy decision-making, leadership, and comparative politics, to present a model for investigating how leaders engage in "intermestic" policy making. Going beyond the idea that situation dictates what leaders can do, this paper uses the case of Musharraf in Pakistan to illustrate how elites adjust to and change their environments. Despite the grim situation facing his leadership in 2001, Musharraf managed to manipulate domestic and international factors to his advantage. Pakistan in the Musharraf era is viewed by many as absolutely critical in the American policy to fight global terrorism. Policymakers have not sufficiently viewed Musharraf as engaging in intermestic politics and thus have seriously misjudged Pakistan's role in the "war on terror." If policymakers have a better idea of the strategies available to leaders and how the contexts those leaders find themselves in might be manipulated by using particular strategies, their policies could better reflect the complexity of the challenge. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]