The Geometry of Slow Manifolds near a Folded Node.

This paper is concerned with the geometry of slow manifolds of a dynamical system with one fast and two slow variables. Specifically, we study the dynamics near a folded-node singularity, which is known to give rise to so-called canard solutions. Geometrically, canards are intersection curves of two-dimensional attracting and repelling slow manifolds, and they are a key element of slow-fast dynamics. For example, canard solutions are associated with mixed-mode oscillations, where they organize regions with different numbers of small oscillations. We perform a numerical study of the geometry of two-dimensional slow manifolds in the normal form of a folded node in ℝ3. Namely, we view the part of a slow manifold that is of interest as a one-parameter family of orbit segments up to a suitable cross-section. Hence, it is the solution of a two-point boundary value problem, which we solve by numerical continuation with the package AUTO. The computed family of orbit segments is used to obtain a mesh representation of the manifold as a surface. With this approach we show how the attracting and repelling slow manifolds change in dependence on the eigenvalue ratio μ associated with the folded-node singularity. At μ = 1 two primary canards bifurcate and secondary canards are created at odd integer values of μ. We compute 24 secondary canards to investigate how they spiral more and more around one of the primary canards. The first sixteen secondary canards are continued in μ to obtain a numerical bifurcation diagram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]