American Muslims’ Civil Liberties and the Challenge to Effectively Avert Xenophobia.

The article explores the negative images and stereotyping of Muslims in the U.S. It outlines the events that intensified the negative images and stereotypes associated with Muslims include the hostage takeover in Iran, the bombing of the World Trade Center in 1993 and the terrorist attack in the World Trade Towers in 2001. It relates the increase in the output of literature on immigrant Muslims and Islam in the U.S. following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. It explains why African American Muslims can serve as spokespersons on issues of civil and human rights for all Muslims in the U.S.