Utilizing shape memory alloys to enhance the performance and safety of civil infrastructure: a review.

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are special materials with a substantial potential for various civil engineering applications. The novelty of such materials lies in their ability to undergo large deformations and return to their undeformed shape through stress removal (superelasticity) or heating (shape-memory effect). In particular, SMAs have distinct thermomechanical properties, including superelasticity, shape-memory effect, and hysteretic damping. These properties could be effectively utilized to substantially enhance the safety of various structures. Although the high cost of SMAs is still limiting their use, research investigating their production and processing is expected to make it more cost-competitive. Thus, it is expected that SMAs will emerge as an essential material in the construction industry. This paper examines the fundamental characteristics of SMAs, the constitutive material models of SMAs, and the factors influencing the engineering properties of SMAs. Some of the potential applications of SMAs are discussed, including the reinforcement and repair of structural elements, prestress applications, and the development of kernel components for seismic devices such as dampers and isolators. The paper synthesizes existing information on the properties of SMAs, presents it in concise and useful tables, and explains different alternatives for the application of SMAs, which should motivate researchers and practicing engineers to extend the use of SMAs in novel and emerging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]