Image watermarking based on an iterative phase retrieval algorithm and sine–cosine modulation in the discrete-cosine-transform domain

Abstract: A novel digital image watermarking system based on an iterative phase retrieval algorithm and sine–cosine modulation in the discrete-cosine-transform (DCT) domain is proposed. The original hidden image is first encrypted into two phase masks. Then the cosine and sine functions of one of the phase masks are introduced as a watermark to be embedded into an enlarged host image in the DCT domain. By extracting the watermark of the enlarged superposed image and decryption we can retrieve the hidden image. The feasibility of this method and its robustness against some attacks, such as occlusion, noise attacks, quantization have been verified by computer simulations. This approach can avoid the cross-talk noise due to direct information superposition and enhance the imperceptibility of hidden data. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]