Fuel mass penalty due to generators and fuel cells as energy source of the all-electric aircraft ☆ [☆] This article was presented at the German Aerospace Congress 2005. ☆☆ [☆☆] The article was published in a similar form previously at the German Aerospace Congress. Discrepancies between the results come due to slight changes in the engine and the flight performance model.

Abstract: The paper presents the results of an assessment of the fuel mass penalty due to generators and fuel cell systems. Based on the simulation tool SysFuel, fuel mass penalties for different mission ranges and fuel cell architectures are calculated and compared to a conventional reference architecture. Different fuel cell architectures using ram air or cabin exhaust air and different options of energy recovery are considered. As a result of the studies, target values are presented for the mass to power ratio of fuel cell systems to achieve fuel mass reductions compared to conventional generator and auxiliary power unit systems. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]