La Nocion de Modelo en las Ciencias Sociales.

The model is today a crucial idea in the social and physical sciences. Revisiting several philosophical or historical works on models, the author gives some elements for a genealogy of this category ranging from the use by Maxwell and Boltzmann in Physics to the debates of the Vienna Circle on model theory in mathematical logic. Later, the irruption of the concept in Social Sciences around World War II connected with applied mathematics, computer science and simulations, structural modelling and operational research. The study of new objects as ecosystems, climate and the world economy, which can not be represented within the framework of a theory has needed different approaches to knowledge, either theoretical or empirical. The model and the software must seek to integrate these various elements of knowledge, taking into account the aims of the modelling activity: arbitrages, decisions about actions and the management of systems, rather than to consider the model as a cognitive mediator between theory and observation. Modelling is a social and political activity linked to the motivations of the actors and to collective decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]