Recent progress on phage display-based biosensing systems for detection of pathogenic bacteria in food and water.

[Display omitted] • Covers the principles, benefits and drawbacks of three commonly used phage display systems. • Highlights the phage display derived probes in biosensing. • Summarizes the more recently foodborne detection techniques based on phage-displayed biosensors. • Discusses the current status and further research opportunities of on phage display-based biosensing systems. Food-and water-borne pathogens play a significant role in food safety concerns. Detecting a low quantity of pathogens in food presents a challenge due to the limited availability of recognition molecules. Consequently, there is a pressing necessity to diversify the range of bio-recognition elements. Phage display technology (PDT) allows for the screening of probes, such as antibodies, peptides, and nanobodies, with high affinity and specificity for the target, enabling brilliant nanoprobes for a wide range of diagnostic or biosensing scaffolds. Moreover, by engaging methods such as chemical modification, microfluidic technology, high-throughput pipeline design, and genetic engineering, it is possible to effectively functionalize these ligands for use in detecting pathogenic bacteria with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. This study primarily summaries the essential principles of phage biology that are frequently utilized in phage display vectors, expands the structure procedure of phage display nanobody library, phage display antibody library, and phage display peptide library. From the perspective of analytes, this paper outlines the innovative phage display-based biosensors developed between 2022 and 2024 for detecting various microorganisms in food products. Ultimately, some challenges and perspectives are offered in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]