Experimental and numerical investigation of spray characteristics of gas–liquid swirl coaxial injectors.

To investigate the velocity distribution and atomization characteristics of gas–liquid swirl coaxial (GLSC) injectors, atomization experiments and simulations were conducted under atmospheric conditions. The velocity distribution and morphology of the spray from GLSC injectors at varying gas–liquid ratios were measured using particle image velocimetry. The gas–liquid interaction, breakup dynamics, and the velocity of liquid sheet were simulated based on the three-dimensional volume of fluid to discrete particle model (VOF-to-DPM) and octree adaptive mesh refinement. Additionally, a method for extracting droplet diameters from high-quality images has been developed and validated. The results indicate that the sprays maintain a stable cone when the gas–liquid ratio is low. As the gas–liquid ratio increases, particularly at larger recess ratios, self-pulsation phenomena occur. During self-pulsation, the spray cone angle is enlarged, and the breakup length shortens. In a stable spray field, the center exhibits a low velocity region (5–10 m/s), while the spray periphery shows a high velocity region (20–25 m/s). Self-pulsation is induced by the "Klystron effect," which arises from the Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) instability at the gas–liquid interface. The center of the self-pulsated spray transitions to a high velocity region due to the accelerated droplet motion driven by the annular gas flow through the spray's center. The radial distribution of mean droplet diameters for both stable and self-pulsated sprays has been summarized. As the gas–liquid ratios and recess ratios increase, the global droplet diameters gradually decrease, with a 75% of droplet diameters falling between 0 and 0.1 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]