PPP Solution‐Based Model of Absolute Vertical Movements of the Earth's Crust in Poland With Consideration of Geological, Tectonic, Hydrological and Mineral Information.

This study aims to develop an absolute model of contemporary Vertical Crustal Movements (VCM) and Vertical Land Movements (VLM) in an area of Poland based on GNSS solutions. Velocities at permanent stations were subjected to geological, tectonic, hydrological and mineral information analyses. Reliability analysis and estimation of velocities at individual GNSS stations, comparative analysis of results and spatial analysis were carried out. Vertical velocities were determined using four computational strategies. Daily satellite data in the ITRF2014 system collected from permanent GNSS stations of the Polish part of the ASG EUPOS system were obtained from the Polish Main Office of Surveying and Cartography. All the data were from the 2011 to 2021 time period (approx. 11 years) and obtained in Rinex format. Time series from the Precise Point Positioning (PPP) solution calculated using GipsyX software were used. The absolute vertical crustal velocities obtained for Poland mostly vary between +1.0 and −1.0 mm/yr, which is 95% of the values obtained within local extremes. This region of Poland can be considered tectonically stable and the developed VCM model correlates with the geological and tectonic structure of the region. Taking into account the influence of tectonics, geology, hydrology and location of mineral resources has allowed better interpretation of vertical velocities and correction of the associated model. The proposed computational strategy based on combining data sets developed by different methods gave good results. Plain Language Summary: This study aims to create a detailed model of vertical crustal movements and land movements in Poland using GNSS solutions. We analyzed data from permanent GNSS stations, taking into account relevant geological, tectonic, hydrological, and mineral information. We conducted reliability analysis, estimated velocities at individual stations, compared results, and performed spatial analysis. Four computational strategies were used to determine vertical velocities. Satellite data from 2011 to 2021 were obtained from the ITRF2014 system. The study found that vertical crustal velocities in Poland generally range from +1.0 to −1.0 mm/yr, with some local extremes. Overall, Poland is considered tectonically stable, and the model aligns with the geological and tectonic structure of the region. Considering the influence of tectonics, geology, hydrology, and mineral resources allowed for better interpretation of vertical velocities and model correction. The proposed computational strategy, which combined different methods, yielded positive outcomes. Key Points: The absolute values of VLM and VCM are mostly from +1 to −1 mm/yr. The area of Poland can be considered tectonically stableThe developed VCM model correlates with the geological and tectonic structure of the regionThe method of combining WAV sets based on different computational strategies yielded good results [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]