Classical to modern biotechnology approaches, applications and future prospects in citrus breeding.

Citrus fruits hold immense global importance due to their nutritional, economic, and cultural significance. Over the years, mutation breeding has emerged as a crucial tool in enhancing citrus crops by introducing desirable traits such as disease resistance, improved fruit quality, higher yields, and better adaptability to various environments. This review examines the genetic mechanisms underlying traits induced by mutations, and discusses the integration of molecular markers and genomics tools in mutation breeding programs. This review explores into the evolution of citrus breeding techniques, highlighting the role of mutation breeding in enriching citrus germplasm. Various mutagenesis methods have been employed, including induced mutagenesis using gamma radiation, chemical agents, and genome editing techniques like CRISPR–Cas9. These methods have significantly impacted citrus breeding by facilitating the development of novel varieties with enhanced characteristics. Despite substantial efforts, it is important to note that mutation breeding does not always lead to significant trait improvements and may sometimes result in minor variations. Future mutation breeding endeavors could prioritize identifying mutations associated with improved fruit quality traits, aiming to enhance the attractiveness and marketability of citrus varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]