Venom variation among the three subspecies of the North African mountain viper Vipera monticola Saint Girons 1953.

The North African mountain viper (Vipera monticola) is a medically relevant venomous snake distributed in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. Three subspecies of V. monticola , exhibiting differences in morphotypes and dietary regimes, are currently recognised: V. m. monticola , V. m. atlantica , and V. m. saintgironsi. Through the application of snake venomics, we analysed the venoms of specimens of Moroccan origin belonging to each of the three subspecies. Snake venom metalloproteinases (svMP), snake venom serine proteases (svSP), C-type lectin and C-type lectin-related proteins (CTL), and phospholipases A 2 (PLA 2) were predominant, with PLA 2 being the most abundant toxin family overall. Disintegrins (DI) and cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP) were exclusive to V. m. monticola and V. m. atlantica , while l -amino-acid oxidases (LAAO) were only found in V. m. saintgironsi. The differences detected in the venom profiles, as well as in presence/absence and relative abundances of toxin families, indicate the occurrence of intraspecific venom variation within V. monticola. The identified patterns of venom similarity between subspecies seem to align more with their phylogenetic relationships than with the reported differences in their feeding habits. [Display omitted] • First proteomics analysis of the medically relevant Vipera monticola venom. • Evident venom variation across the three subspecies. • Characteristic viperine toxin families are predominant: svMP, svSP, CTL, and PLA 2. • DI and CRISP unique to "dwarf" subspecies V. m. monticola and V. m. atlantica. • LAAO exclusive to larger V. m. saintgironsi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]