Addressing the Gaps in Belongingness: A Qualitative Investigation of Student Exclusion on Outdoor Orientation Programs.

Despite their aim to foster belongingness, a small percentage of incoming college students (1%-2%) report feeling excluded (not belonging) during their outdoor orientation program. Feelings of exclusion are often highly consequential to a person transitioning to college. This study explores the experiences of students reporting low levels of belongingness (n = 11) to better understand their experience and to help inform interventions. Thematic analysis using a General Qualitative Approach (GQA) revealed several factors contributing to students' lack of belonging. Findings led to the development of the Belongingness Assessment Model (BAM). This novel approach assesses a lack of belongingness by combining two different assessments found in the literature categorizing belongingness as either isolated or generalized and identifying the lack of belongingness as bridgeable or unbridgeable. Leader approaches to belongingness may require different interventions based upon the type of exclusion a participant is experiencing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]