Energy‐Efficient Hydrogen Liquefaction Process with Ortho‐Para Conversion and Boil‐Off Gas Recovery.

Hydrogen liquefaction is essential for the efficient storage and transportation of hydrogen. In the liquefaction process, catalytic ortho‐para conversion is crucial to achieve a product with at least 95 % para‐hydrogen to reduce boil‐off losses. The proposed hydrogen liquefaction process using a catalyst‐filled heat exchanger for continuous ortho‐para conversion is modeled through steady‐state thermal simulations in Aspen HYSYS. Additionally, an ejector is integrated to reliquefy boil‐off gas. The proposed design achieves a specific energy consumption (SEC) of 10.50 kWh (kgLH2${\mathrm{kg}}_{{\mathrm{LH}}_2}$)−1 and an exergy efficiency (EXE) of 30.1 %, which is 18 % lower in SEC compared to processes with separate converters. The integrated approach enhances energy utilization and offers references for future hydrogen liquefiers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]