Microbial transformation of dietary xenobiotics shapes gut microbiome composition.

Diet is a major determinant of gut microbiome composition, and variation in diet-microbiome interactions may contribute to variation in their health consequences. To mechanistically understand these relationships, here we map interactions between ∼150 small-molecule dietary xenobiotics and the gut microbiome, including the impacts of these compounds on community composition, the metabolic activities of human gut microbes on dietary xenobiotics, and interindividual variation in these traits. Microbial metabolism can toxify and detoxify these compounds, producing emergent interactions that explain community-specific remodeling by dietary xenobiotics. We identify the gene and enzyme responsible for detoxification of one such dietary xenobiotic, resveratrol, and demonstrate that this enzyme contributes to interindividual variation in community remodeling by resveratrol. Together, these results systematically map interactions between dietary xenobiotics and the gut microbiome and connect toxification and detoxification to interpersonal differences in microbiome response to diet. [Display omitted] • Mapping interactions between the microbiome and ∼150 dietary xenobiotics • Microbial metabolism can convert some compounds into antibiotics and detoxify others • Identification of enzymes that determine community remodeling by dietary xenobiotics Individuals can exhibit significant interpersonal variation in diet-microbiome interaction. This report uncovers how gut microbes can convert some dietary compounds into antibiotics and detoxify others, highlighting mechanisms that explain why the same dietary compound can have different effects on the microbiomes of different individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]