An early cladoxylopsid with complex vascular architecture: Paracladoxylon kespekianum gen. et sp. nov. from the Lower Devonian (Emsian) of Quebec, Canada.

Premise: Cladoxylopsids, one of the first lineages with complex organization to rise from the plexus of structurally simple plants that comprised the earliest euphyllophyte floras, are moniliformopsid euphyllophytes. They formed Earth's earliest forests by the Middle Devonian and are thought to have given rise to the equisetopsids and probably some fern lineages. The Lower Devonian (Emsian) Battery Point Formation (Quebec, Canada) contains previously unrecognized cladoxylopsids preserved anatomically. One of these provides new data on structural evolution among euphyllophytes and is described here. Methods: The anatomy and morphology of permineralized axes of the new plant were studied with light and electron microscopy on sections produced using the cellulose acetate peel technique. Morphological comparisons and phylogenetic analysis were used for taxonomic placement of the plant. Results: The plant represents a new species, Paracladoxylon kespekianum Chu et Tomescu, gen. et sp. nov., that has tracheids with modern‐looking bordered pits and the complex cauline vascular architecture characteristic of the genus Cladoxylon. Its dissected ultimate appendages have complex regular taxis and a pattern of vascularization that suggests bilateral symmetry. Conclusions: Paracladoxylon kespekianum is one of the largest Early Devonian euphyllophytes, among the oldest representatives of the cladoxylopsid group, and older than any species of the closely related Cladoxylon by at least 35 million years. It is also one of the oldest anatomically preserved representatives of the cladoxylopsid group. Its anatomical organization pushes the rise of complex vascular architecture among moniliformopsid euphyllophytes deeper in time than previously recognized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]