Unveiling intracellular phase separation: advances in optical imaging of biomolecular condensates.

Advanced optical imaging techniques enhance our ability to investigate various intracellular biomolecular condensates that form through phase separation. Biomolecular condensates demonstrate diverse organizations and dynamics, serving as the physical infrastructure that enables the execution of biological processes. The physicochemical properties of condensates dictate the rules governing their multilayered ultrastructure. Intracellular biomolecular condensates, which form via phase separation, display a highly organized ultrastructure and complex properties. Recent advances in optical imaging techniques, including super-resolution microscopy and innovative microscopic methods that leverage the intrinsic properties of the molecules observed, have transcended the limitations of conventional microscopies. These advances facilitate the exploration of condensates at finer scales and in greater detail. The deployment of these emerging but sophisticated imaging tools allows for precise observations of the multiphasic organization and physicochemical properties of these condensates, shedding light on their functions in cellular processes. In this review, we highlight recent progress in methodological innovations and their profound implications for understanding the organization and dynamics of intracellular biomolecular condensates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]