Hop to It! A Systematic Review and Longitudinal Meta-analysis of Hop Performance After ACL Reconstruction.

Background: Hop testing is widely used by clinicians to monitor rehabilitation and decide when to return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR); however, the trajectory of long-term hop performance has not been summarised.To investigate hop performance change over time after ACLR.Systematic review with longitudinal meta-analysis.MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL and SPORTDiscus to 28 February 2023.Studies with ≥ 50 participants following primary ACLR, with mean participant age of 18–40 years, reporting a quantitative measure of hop performance (e.g. single forward hop distance). Results had to be reported for the ACLR limb and compared with (1) the contralateral limb (within person) and/or (2) an uninjured control limb (between person).We included 136 studies of 23,360 participants. Performance was similar across different hop tests, with steep initial improvements in within-person symmetry, tailing off after 18–24 months. ACLR limb hop performance was 5–10% lower compared with the contralateral limb at 1 year post-surgery, with largest deficits observed for vertical hop [87.0% contralateral limb (95% CI 85.3–88.8) compared with single forward hop 93.8% (95% CI 92.8–94.9)]. By 3–5 years, results were similar between ACLR and contralateral limbs. There were limited data for between-person comparisons (<italic>n</italic> = 17 studies). Exploratory analyses showed deficits in all forward hopping tests to be very strongly correlated with each other [e.g. single forward and triple hop rho = 0.96 (95% CI 0.90–0.99)], though there was discordance in the relationship between single forward hop and vertical hop performance [rho = 0.27 (95% CI − 0.53 to 0.79)].Hop performance is comparable to the uninjured limb by 3–5 years post-ACLR, with the greatest deficits in within-person symmetry present in vertical and side hop tests. Assessment of hopping in multiple planes and comparison with uninjured controls, may provide the most complete evaluation of functional performance.Objective: Hop testing is widely used by clinicians to monitor rehabilitation and decide when to return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR); however, the trajectory of long-term hop performance has not been summarised.To investigate hop performance change over time after ACLR.Systematic review with longitudinal meta-analysis.MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL and SPORTDiscus to 28 February 2023.Studies with ≥ 50 participants following primary ACLR, with mean participant age of 18–40 years, reporting a quantitative measure of hop performance (e.g. single forward hop distance). Results had to be reported for the ACLR limb and compared with (1) the contralateral limb (within person) and/or (2) an uninjured control limb (between person).We included 136 studies of 23,360 participants. Performance was similar across different hop tests, with steep initial improvements in within-person symmetry, tailing off after 18–24 months. ACLR limb hop performance was 5–10% lower compared with the contralateral limb at 1 year post-surgery, with largest deficits observed for vertical hop [87.0% contralateral limb (95% CI 85.3–88.8) compared with single forward hop 93.8% (95% CI 92.8–94.9)]. By 3–5 years, results were similar between ACLR and contralateral limbs. There were limited data for between-person comparisons (<italic>n</italic> = 17 studies). Exploratory analyses showed deficits in all forward hopping tests to be very strongly correlated with each other [e.g. single forward and triple hop rho = 0.96 (95% CI 0.90–0.99)], though there was discordance in the relationship between single forward hop and vertical hop performance [rho = 0.27 (95% CI − 0.53 to 0.79)].Hop performance is comparable to the uninjured limb by 3–5 years post-ACLR, with the greatest deficits in within-person symmetry present in vertical and side hop tests. Assessment of hopping in multiple planes and comparison with uninjured controls, may provide the most complete evaluation of functional performance.Design: Hop testing is widely used by clinicians to monitor rehabilitation and decide when to return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR); however, the trajectory of long-term hop performance has not been summarised.To investigate hop performance change over time after ACLR.Systematic review with longitudinal meta-analysis.MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL and SPORTDiscus to 28 February 2023.Studies with ≥ 50 participants following primary ACLR, with mean participant age of 18–40 years, reporting a quantitative measure of hop performance (e.g. single forward hop distance). Results had to be reported for the ACLR limb and compared with (1) the contralateral limb (within person) and/or (2) an uninjured control limb (between person).We included 136 studies of 23,360 participants. Performance was similar across different hop tests, with steep initial improvements in within-person symmetry, tailing off after 18–24 months. ACLR limb hop performance was 5–10% lower compared with the contralateral limb at 1 year post-surgery, with largest deficits observed for vertical hop [87.0% contralateral limb (95% CI 85.3–88.8) compared with single forward hop 93.8% (95% CI 92.8–94.9)]. By 3–5 years, results were similar between ACLR and contralateral limbs. There were limited data for between-person comparisons (<italic>n</italic> = 17 studies). Exploratory analyses showed deficits in all forward hopping tests to be very strongly correlated with each other [e.g. single forward and triple hop rho = 0.96 (95% CI 0.90–0.99)], though there was discordance in the relationship between single forward hop and vertical hop performance [rho = 0.27 (95% CI − 0.53 to 0.79)].Hop performance is comparable to the uninjured limb by 3–5 years post-ACLR, with the greatest deficits in within-person symmetry present in vertical and side hop tests. Assessment of hopping in multiple planes and comparison with uninjured controls, may provide the most complete evaluation of functional performance.Data Sources: Hop testing is widely used by clinicians to monitor rehabilitation and decide when to return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR); however, the trajectory of long-term hop performance has not been summarised.To investigate hop performance change over time after ACLR.Systematic review with longitudinal meta-analysis.MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL and SPORTDiscus to 28 February 2023.Studies with ≥ 50 participants following primary ACLR, with mean participant age of 18–40 years, reporting a quantitative measure of hop performance (e.g. single forward hop distance). Results had to be reported for the ACLR limb and compared with (1) the contralateral limb (within person) and/or (2) an uninjured control limb (between person).We included 136 studies of 23,360 participants. Performance was similar across different hop tests, with steep initial improvements in within-person symmetry, tailing off after 18–24 months. ACLR limb hop performance was 5–10% lower compared with the contralateral limb at 1 year post-surgery, with largest deficits observed for vertical hop [87.0% contralateral limb (95% CI 85.3–88.8) compared with single forward hop 93.8% (95% CI 92.8–94.9)]. By 3–5 years, results were similar between ACLR and contralateral limbs. There were limited data for between-person comparisons (<italic>n</italic> = 17 studies). Exploratory analyses showed deficits in all forward hopping tests to be very strongly correlated with each other [e.g. single forward and triple hop rho = 0.96 (95% CI 0.90–0.99)], though there was discordance in the relationship between single forward hop and vertical hop performance [rho = 0.27 (95% CI − 0.53 to 0.79)].Hop performance is comparable to the uninjured limb by 3–5 years post-ACLR, with the greatest deficits in within-person symmetry present in vertical and side hop tests. Assessment of hopping in multiple planes and comparison with uninjured controls, may provide the most complete evaluation of functional performance.Eligibility Criteria: Hop testing is widely used by clinicians to monitor rehabilitation and decide when to return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR); however, the trajectory of long-term hop performance has not been summarised.To investigate hop performance change over time after ACLR.Systematic review with longitudinal meta-analysis.MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL and SPORTDiscus to 28 February 2023.Studies with ≥ 50 participants following primary ACLR, with mean participant age of 18–40 years, reporting a quantitative measure of hop performance (e.g. single forward hop distance). Results had to be reported for the ACLR limb and compared with (1) the contralateral limb (within person) and/or (2) an uninjured control limb (between person).We included 136 studies of 23,360 participants. Performance was similar across different hop tests, with steep initial improvements in within-person symmetry, tailing off after 18–24 months. ACLR limb hop performance was 5–10% lower compared with the contralateral limb at 1 year post-surgery, with largest deficits observed for vertical hop [87.0% contralateral limb (95% CI 85.3–88.8) compared with single forward hop 93.8% (95% CI 92.8–94.9)]. By 3–5 years, results were similar between ACLR and contralateral limbs. There were limited data for between-person comparisons (<italic>n</italic> = 17 studies). Exploratory analyses showed deficits in all forward hopping tests to be very strongly correlated with each other [e.g. single forward and triple hop rho = 0.96 (95% CI 0.90–0.99)], though there was discordance in the relationship between single forward hop and vertical hop performance [rho = 0.27 (95% CI − 0.53 to 0.79)].Hop performance is comparable to the uninjured limb by 3–5 years post-ACLR, with the greatest deficits in within-person symmetry present in vertical and side hop tests. Assessment of hopping in multiple planes and comparison with uninjured controls, may provide the most complete evaluation of functional performance.Results: Hop testing is widely used by clinicians to monitor rehabilitation and decide when to return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR); however, the trajectory of long-term hop performance has not been summarised.To investigate hop performance change over time after ACLR.Systematic review with longitudinal meta-analysis.MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL and SPORTDiscus to 28 February 2023.Studies with ≥ 50 participants following primary ACLR, with mean participant age of 18–40 years, reporting a quantitative measure of hop performance (e.g. single forward hop distance). Results had to be reported for the ACLR limb and compared with (1) the contralateral limb (within person) and/or (2) an uninjured control limb (between person).We included 136 studies of 23,360 participants. Performance was similar across different hop tests, with steep initial improvements in within-person symmetry, tailing off after 18–24 months. ACLR limb hop performance was 5–10% lower compared with the contralateral limb at 1 year post-surgery, with largest deficits observed for vertical hop [87.0% contralateral limb (95% CI 85.3–88.8) compared with single forward hop 93.8% (95% CI 92.8–94.9)]. By 3–5 years, results were similar between ACLR and contralateral limbs. There were limited data for between-person comparisons (<italic>n</italic> = 17 studies). Exploratory analyses showed deficits in all forward hopping tests to be very strongly correlated with each other [e.g. single forward and triple hop rho = 0.96 (95% CI 0.90–0.99)], though there was discordance in the relationship between single forward hop and vertical hop performance [rho = 0.27 (95% CI − 0.53 to 0.79)].Hop performance is comparable to the uninjured limb by 3–5 years post-ACLR, with the greatest deficits in within-person symmetry present in vertical and side hop tests. Assessment of hopping in multiple planes and comparison with uninjured controls, may provide the most complete evaluation of functional performance.Conclusions: Hop testing is widely used by clinicians to monitor rehabilitation and decide when to return to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR); however, the trajectory of long-term hop performance has not been summarised.To investigate hop performance change over time after ACLR.Systematic review with longitudinal meta-analysis.MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL and SPORTDiscus to 28 February 2023.Studies with ≥ 50 participants following primary ACLR, with mean participant age of 18–40 years, reporting a quantitative measure of hop performance (e.g. single forward hop distance). Results had to be reported for the ACLR limb and compared with (1) the contralateral limb (within person) and/or (2) an uninjured control limb (between person).We included 136 studies of 23,360 participants. Performance was similar across different hop tests, with steep initial improvements in within-person symmetry, tailing off after 18–24 months. ACLR limb hop performance was 5–10% lower compared with the contralateral limb at 1 year post-surgery, with largest deficits observed for vertical hop [87.0% contralateral limb (95% CI 85.3–88.8) compared with single forward hop 93.8% (95% CI 92.8–94.9)]. By 3–5 years, results were similar between ACLR and contralateral limbs. There were limited data for between-person comparisons (<italic>n</italic> = 17 studies). Exploratory analyses showed deficits in all forward hopping tests to be very strongly correlated with each other [e.g. single forward and triple hop rho = 0.96 (95% CI 0.90–0.99)], though there was discordance in the relationship between single forward hop and vertical hop performance [rho = 0.27 (95% CI − 0.53 to 0.79)].Hop performance is comparable to the uninjured limb by 3–5 years post-ACLR, with the greatest deficits in within-person symmetry present in vertical and side hop tests. Assessment of hopping in multiple planes and comparison with uninjured controls, may provide the most complete evaluation of functional performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]