Review on Developments in Technologies for Critical Metal Recovery from Mining and Processing Wastes.

This review examines recent technological developments for recovering critical metals from mining and metallurgical waste streams, focusing on Co, Ga, Ge, In, Li, Ni, Re, Te, Sn, W, and V. Novel approaches using electrochemical methods, membranes, solvent extraction, and biomining are critically evaluated for their effectiveness and potential for industrial adoption. Key competitive advantages of these technologies are discussed, along with aspects requiring further research, such as process control, fouling issues, and microbial stability. The exploration of integrated and hybrid solutions combining different technologies is a potential game-changer for technology transfer. Finally, while these novel approaches show promise, further research is needed to overcome challenges related to cost, process control, and scalability. Addressing these issues is crucial for successfully transitioning these technologies from laboratory-scale experiments to industrial applications. By overcoming these hurdles, the mining and metallurgy sector can play a vital role in supplying critical metals for the zero-carbon transition while reducing its environmental impact and advancing toward a circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]