A Holistic Review on Diverse Lipid Biomarkers as Environmental Indicators: Extraction and Analysis from Sediments to Microbial Communities.

This article reviews a multiple signature lipid biomarkers and the origin of the standard methods, the different modified extraction techniques for extracting lipid biomarkers. Biomarkers are substances or collections of substances that can be used to identify particular species, groups of organisms, or environmental processes. Thus, lipid biomarkers may provide a powerful tool for reconstructing paleoenvironmental records, both as indicators of primary sedimentary source material and of alteration related to different geochemical and biochemical processes. Lipids are crucial components of organic matter (OM) and, in comparison to other OM constituents, are more resistant to post-depositional bacterial breakdown in marine sediments. Sea sediments are primarily composed of long-chain ketones, hydrocarbon, sterols and fatty acids synthesized by microalgae and bacteria, making microalgal organic matter easily identifiable. The ultimate source of marine sediment is telluric organic matter. The methods developed in connection with biomarkers are quantifiable, repeatable, and they offer important knowledge about every element in the aquatic environment. The predominant lipid biomarker is fatty acids is differentiated by change in its functional groups, of microorganisms be distinguished from the group attached to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]