Toward high-purity vanadium-based materials: Fundamentals, purifications, and perspectives.

Vanadium, a crucial rare metal element, finds extensive applications across various fields owing to its exceptional physical and chemical properties. Its significance is further underscored by the increasing demand for vanadium-based applications, such as vanadium redox flow batteries, high-performance catalysts, and medical materials. Consequently, high-purity vanadium-based materials have emerged as an important direction, garnering widespread attention from academia to industry. In the preparation of high-purity vanadium-based materials, significant efforts have been made by researchers to enhance the extraction efficiency of vanadium. Nevertheless, given the complexity and diversity of vanadium-bearing resources, there remains a need to improve the purification effects of traditional extraction processes. Based on this situation, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the production and consumption markets of vanadium to understand the necessity of developing high-purity vanadium-based materials. Subsequently, it introduces the typical processes for producing high-purity vanadium products from vanadium-bearing resources in detail. Among these processes, the purification step, which plays a crucial role in achieving high-purity vanadium-based materials, is thoroughly examined, accompanied by insights into some advanced short-route technologies. Finally, the common applications of high-purity vanadium-based materials are summarized. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]