Antimicrobial Resistance and Novel Alternative Approaches to Conventional Antibiotics.

Antimicrobial resistance is a significant public health issue. The unprecedented spread of antimicrobial-resistant organisms has been identified by the World Health Organization as one of the leading healthcare threats. Projections for annual worldwide deaths attributed to antimicrobial resistance approach 10 million by 2050, with an associated economic burden of USD 100 trillion. This paper reviews the mechanisms known to contribute to antimicrobial resistance and provides insight into potential available alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Antimicrobial approaches addressed include dual antibiotic therapy, antimicrobial peptides, monoclonal antibodies, bacteriophages, probiotics, nanomaterials, and cannabinoids. Key pathogens in need of antimicrobials referred to as the ESKAPE pathogens are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]