Hydrothermal biosynthetic nanoarchitectonics of cobalt oxide nanoparticles using Beta vulgaris extract: analysis of structural, optical, and insulating properties.

The present research exhibits a comprehensive analysis of the structural, optical, and dielectric characteristics of cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4 NPs) synthesized through a eco-friendly hydrothermal approach, assisted by Beta vulgaris (beetroot) extract. The utilization of Beta vulgaris as a reducing and stabilizing agent offers a sustainable and environmentally friendly method for nanoparticle synthesis. The eco-friendly hydrothermal synthesis approach resulted in the formation of crystalline Co3O4 NPs. The structural analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed the nanoscale nature of the particles, with a mean crystallite size of 34.9 nm. The energy band gap, as determined from UV-visible spectroscopy, exhibited a value of 2.5 eV and 3.6 eV, suggesting the potential for tunable optical properties. FESEM images exhibits; the synthesised NPs have a poly pyramid shape and obtained crystallite size in the range of 22 to 35 nm. Furthermore, Dielectric characterizations were performed to evaluate the electrical properties of the Co3O4 NPs. The current work investigates the variations in frequency and temperature of the dielectric constant, the variation in dielectric losses, as well as ac and dc conductivity of the synthesized NPs. The frequency dependent dielectric constant was found to be ~ 20–90, reflecting the influence of surface functional groups and particle size on charge storage capacity and polarization. These findings highlight the intricate interplay between synthesis methods, structural properties, and optical and dielectric responses of Co3O4 NPs, showcasing the promise of green synthesis techniques for tailoring multifunctional nanomaterials with applications in diverse technological fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]