Spatial and temporal variation of day and night time land surface temperature and its drivers over Iran's watersheds using remote sensing.

Monitoring the LST(Land surface temperature) is crucial for understanding environmental conditions and their impact on energy exchange between the Earth and atmosphere, as well as the water cycle and overall environmental evolution. To this end, Terra Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LST, 8-Day (MOD11A2,061) products were utilized to study the day and night time LST in Iran and its watersheds from 2001–2022. The findings revealed that during the day, 1.5% of Iran area had a temperature below 0 °C, 21% had an LST between 0–20 °C, 37% above 40 °C, with the largest region (40%) falling within the 20–40 °C range. At night, 16.7% had a temperature below 0 °C, 1.7% of the area had an LST above 30 °C, 39% between 15–30 °C, with the largest region (43%) falling between 0–15 °C. Furthermore, the study revealed a significant increase in LST during the summer season, with LST day showing a positive trend in ten watersheds with a confidence level of 95% (p = 0.05) and a very strong positive trend in Helle watershed with a confidence level of 99% (p = 0.01). while LST night showed a significant positive trend in 6 watersheds (p = 0.05) and a very strong significant positive trend in 18 watersheds (p = 0.01). Additionally, LST night showed a significantly greater increasing trend compared to LST day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]